1984 Individualism Essay - 1207 Words

Totalitarianism, derived from a society which proceeds without cautiousness towards governmental power, can induce many limitations among citizens and every aspect of their lives including individualism. In George Orwell’s 1984, the artificiality of the dystopian country influenced the protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, to try and deceive the government in any way possible. Winston and many others view individuality as immensely important, but a large challenge to achieve due to the diminished hope evident in dystopia. Hope is prominent among Winston in his actions towards the totalitarian government, referred to as Big Brother, throughout the novel. From the beginning of the novel when readers are introduced to a dismal setting to†¦show more content†¦The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed†¦even if he had never set pen to paper† (Orwell 21). It is explained that the Thought Police does not require any evidence to prove one g uilty of thoughtcrime as a mere expression would allow for punishment. Policing in Oceania is a prime example of how totalitarianism is a major role in how individualism is frown upon. This limit in self-expression stops people from being hopeful and Winston’s diary not only expresses his desire to be free, but also dehumanizes him as it limits him from speaking his mind. In addition to the lack of self-expression inducing diminished hope for individuality is the lack of personal freedom and consciousness. Personal freedom and consciousness may be altered by the artificiality of a nation’s ideology and may lead to lesser hope in a better reality. The totalitarian party uses all of their efforts to influence their citizens in believing their deceptive lies with many factors including propaganda â€Å"Big Brother is Always Watching.† Winston’s diary states, â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follow s† (Orwell 84). As the party accomplished physical control, the final goal was to obtain psychological control. To not be susceptible to mental manipulation isShow MoreRelatedCultural Frameworks Of Culture Differences1648 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Introduction It is universally recognised that cultures vary significantly across the globe; the variations of cultures may pose underlying effects to the operations of modern business in context of further progression of globalisation. To understand culture differences to a greater extent, the definition of culture needs to be clarified; Greet Hofstede (1994, p.1) defines it as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category from another’. ThereforeRead MoreCritical Evaluate Maslows Theory of Hierarchy of Needs1272 Words   |  6 Pagesmotivation in China, there are many firms used Maslow’s theory to gain a good cycle of motivation. For Chinese companies, to adopt Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory as an appropriate strategy to motivate employees’ working motive power. This essay will state the introduction of Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs, and evaluate it. Then, to combine with Chinese firms’ case and to finish off, the Maslow’s motivation theory is good enough to be adopted as a solution of the staff’s motivationRead MoreCritical Evaluate Maslows Theory of Hierarchy of Needs1263 Words   |  6 Pagesthe motivation in China, there are many firms used Maslow’s theory to gain a good cycle of motivation. For Chinese companies, to adopt Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory as an appropriate strategy to motivate employees’ working motive power. This essay will state the introduction of Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs, and evaluate it. Then, to combine with Chinese firms’ case and to finish off, the Maslow’s motivation theory is good enough to be adopted as a solution of the staff’s motivationRead MoreCulture Different Between China and Us1374 Words   |  6 Pagesthe members of one human group from another† (Hofstede 1984, p: 21). Culture is consisting of language, political, values, belief, food, cloth, etc. And those elements make people have different behaviours. Therefore, there are significance differences between two cultures and so does two national cultures. It is well to accept that people have different behaviors at work between two national cultures. For this reason, the aim of this essay is to examine the difference of behaviour at work betweenRead MoreThe Power of Language 1984 Comparison Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesworks, 1984 and Politics and The English Language, it is clear that Orwell is using his writing to bring awareness to the dangers of the manipulation, misuse, and decline of language. In 1984 he demonstrates how language can be used to control thought and manipulate the past. This is proven throughout the novel by examining the language of Newspeak and how it is key to controlling the totalitarian state, and how using language to alter and manipulate history can shape reality. In his essay PoliticsRead MoreBUSS1001 essay2254 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Essay Introduction Culture is an important criterion for organisations to determine their strategies of management and leadership. This essay aims to outline Hofstede’s cross-cultural framework, identify similarities and differences in comparison with the Chinese Value Survey (CVS) and discuss how differences in individualism-collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation among employees could affect management and leadership. The finding is that Hofstede’s framework and CVS differ from culturalRead MoreOutline Of A Comparative Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesSkylar Windholz English 12 Period 5 Outline for Comparative Essay Topic Sentence #1: The novels are seen as a warning sign for future generations about the consequences of technology, science, and uncontrolled power. Topic sentence: 1984 focuses on the uncontrolled power of the state. â€Å"In the end the party would announce that two and two make five, and you would have to believe it† (page 80). The party was absolute to the point that anything they said and did would eventually become true. â€Å"ThisRead MoreThe Nature Of Hofstede s Cultural Framework And Highlights Similarities And Differences With Globe1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This essay is divided into several parts with different objectives. First part discusses the nature of Hofstede’s cultural framework and highlights similarities and differences with GLOBE study. Second part of the essay equates author’s scores for each of Hofstede’s cultural dimension with national benchmark of Lithuania. Last part focuses on potential problems an individual with strong Australian background might need to deal with while working at company in Shanghai. Discussion ofRead MoreThe Linguistic Revolution:The Relation Between Class, Language, and Ideology In 1984968 Words   |  4 Pages While almost all novels contain some sort of political allusion or connotation, few novels are as directly political as George Orwells 1984. From beginning to end, the novel is an epic and shocking piece, a strong precautionary tale against the ills of extreme totalitarianism. In it, Orwell paints a dismal future, one where individualism ceases and citizens are held in rigid class structures by the government with the threat of physical harm and, more importantly, through powerful mental conditioningRead MoreThe rise of individualism in the west paired with negative connotations linked to the single woman,1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of individualism in the west paired with negative connotations linked to the single woman, or ‘spinster’, in Euro-American culture has led to the debate of whether it is ‘good to be alone’. It is generally viewed that societies that conform to collectivism tend to ben non-western or ‘traditional’, whereas individualistic societies are predominantly seen to represent the west. It is not however as simply defined. It is important to question what it means to be alone, and whether there are

The Silent Epidemic Of America - 931 Words

The Silent Epidemic in America Obesity is a growing problem and concern in American households today. However it cannot be narrowed down to one main problem. The most prominent underlying issues are psychological and environmental. These issues in turn create deteriorating health and economic problems degrading one’s self-esteem. Psychological Reasoning and Roles Psychological issues normally involve food being used as a comfort for some stressor that has become present in the person’s life. These individuals turn to food to contend and manage certain mood swings or the up and downs that are present in day to day challenges. These changes could be triggered from stress, being lonely, or frustration. When they become upset, they turn to food as a comfort like a baby to a pacifier. The comfort or high like effect is only temporary as the weight piles on with every calorie that is taken in and not burned off. The resulting guilt may cause this process to occur many times throughout the day, developing into a continuous pattern of using substance to deal with psychological imbalances. Unfortunately, this scenario plays out all too many times in America. Collin and Bentz (2009) stated in addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as mindless eating, frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating, Binge eating disorder (BED) is currently included in an appendix of the Diagnostic andShow MoreRelatedMedicine Hurts : The Silent Epidemic1489 Words   |  6 Pageswrong drug or dosage. These complications are slowly rising, and becoming known as a â€Å"silent epidemic.† This silent epidemic can appear in a variety of situations – when a person is prescribed the wrong medication for his or her medical condition or age, the right medication in the wrong dose, or two or more medications that interact with dangerous, unintended side effects (When Medicine Hurts: The Silent Epidemic†). Medication error is a reoccurring error that people need to take precautions onRead MoreEssay about The Problem of Malnutrition around the World1468 Words   |   6 Pagessuffered from chronic undernourishment from 2010-2013 (â€Å"2013 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics). In Bangladesh, over half of the children under five years old are malnourished and prone to its devastating side-effects (â€Å"NEED TO KNOW- The silent epidemic of malnutrition†). Throughout history and in today’s society, malnutrition is one of the biggest causes of death annually, but Medical Teams International is working hard to reverse that trend. Malnutrition affects people of all ages, but childrenRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pageschanges. Nationally there is the Brain Injury Association of America who is a â€Å" leading national organization serving and representing individuals, families and professionals who are touched by a life-altering, often devastating, traumatic brain injury† (2010). Families can get the most out of their involvement by attending a local support group but need to be sure that before attending that is associated with the Brain Injury Association of America. There are several books and guides available mostly freeRead MoreCausal Analysis Paper: Significant Rise in High School Dropout Rates in United States1602 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent times, there has been a significant rise in high school dropout rates in United States of America. This issue has significant attention of academics and researchers and is known as silent epidemic as more and more American teenagers are dropping out from schools before graduation (Bridgeland, DeIulio Morison, 200). Reports suggest that the high school dropout rates before graduation in minorities has reached 50 percent since last decade (Bridgeland, DeIulio Morison, 202,Read More Credit Card Epidemic Essay603 Words   |  3 PagesThe silent epidemic sweeping the nation today is credit card abuse. As prices of goods increase faster than average wages, American families slide deeper into debt. In the meantime, the banks are flourishing from their desire to buy now and pay later. It is amazing how a small piece of plastic can be so dangerous. Society today almost requires people to carry credit cards. In my opinion, credit cards are one of America’s family’s mos t underrated problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One could assume the banks encourageRead MoreSchwartz-Nobel, Loretta. Growing Up Empty: The Hunger Epidemic in America.1718 Words   |  7 PagesUp Empty: The Hunger Epidemic in America. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 2002 (248 pages) First, I would like to give my opinion of whether this book was worthwhile at the beginning of this book review. Because I believe this is one of the most moving books written today about the problem of hunger in America. I also believe that this book should be required reading for every elected official who has the power to end the needless tragedy of hunger in America. This is a very well-writtenRead MoreThe Reagan Administration, The U.s. Government1498 Words   |  6 Pages as he not only cut the budgets, but also remained silent for five years after the first diagnosis in 1981. In addition to cutting back research budgets, the Reagan administration also shied away from the issue, despite the fact that it had impacted most of the large cities in the country. On June 5, 1981, the first year of Reagan’s presidency, the CDC published its first report on AIDS (Timeline). However, Reagan did not mention the epidemic until more than five years later. On September 17,Read MoreEating Disorders : A Young Woman Sits At The Table872 Words   |  4 Pages On the other hand bulimia, nicknamed â€Å"Mia†, is distinguished by binging and purging. These disorders are far from insignificant, because they are much more than a few skipped meals and unseen purges. Eating disorders, which have become a deadly epidemic, are fed by unrealistic social expectations, are encouraged by firmly rooted pro â€Å"Ana† and â€Å"Mia† communities, and are often found coinciding with other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, both of which are common among college studentsRead MoreEssay about The Psychology behind Keeping or Losing Parental Rights1124 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefitted our society, but despite the progress from the antiquated views captioned above, there is wide agreement that the protection of children will always be a work in progress, which at no point will ever be fully realized. The Colonial Era in America was steeped in the ethics of Puritanical ideologies inclusive of the notions of proper child rearing. John Calvin often spoke of breaking a child’s will in order to save the soul from evil, and through strict discipline, a parent could transformRead MoreObesity Is The High Consumption Of Junk Food1046 Words   |  5 Pagesand 17% of American children. Obesity is obviously a big problem in America. One of the major causes of Obesity in America is the high consumption of junk food. In order to combat America s obesity problem, junk food must be made less appealing to the public. Lack of exercise and genetics also result in the build of fat on an individual. The high consumption of junk food is one of the major causes of the high obesity rates America faces. The increased availability and relatively low costs of this

Visualization and Computer Graphics

Question: Discuss about the Visualization and Computer Graphics. Answer: Essay In this project, we have developed a movie using Adobe Flash. The movie developed is an animation movie, which used many screens run in the loop. When the images/screens run fast in the loop, they appear to look like moving image. (Zhang et al., 2009). We have developed scenes in the process of developed of the project, and a total of 27 scenes has been developed to cover the three-story boards. The scenes have been saved individually in separate files for backup as well. The scenes are then combined at the end of the project to make the movie. (Baxter et al., 2009). The development has been done in flat format, and the export of fail movie has been done in sf format. The story that has been used in the development of the movie has been first developed as story boards using pen and paper. In this, there have been characters of the movie where the two boys are driving and going in the car. They are discussing about the dangers and the other scenes they can find in it. As they are going nearer through the dark Jungle, it is evident from their face that they have a fear on the face of getting trapped by animals. But they are trying to cater their courage so that they do not miss the best adventure of life. With this, there has been a major flash light that is thrown at them. (Georgenes, 2013). Seeing this, both of them got scared but this is how they entered into the word of Jurassic park where there have been dinosaurs, here and there. Both the boys get out of the car and try to explore the place happily. They have not thought of the danger that can come to them and there is no body who can come for their rescue. (Jha et al., 2016). One of the boys Alex has been scared but finds the fences that has been there in that area. The major concern for this is that there is appearing of the dinosaur (which are of different types) and then it starts moving to them. The dinosaur came all over braking the fences so rapidly that it made the boys completely scared of the future situation that they had to face. Seeing this, they starting running harder where one of the boys started throwing stone on it. This was only to make it shoo away but such a thing can only worsen the situation and which looking like the same. (Liao, 2016). With the transitions both start running because the dinosaur got angry and to protect itself and the other animals in the area from the boys, it started running after them. With time, the boys who were finding a rescue for themselves hid behind the place in a house where FRex (the dinosaur) had enough capability to enter. The animals are well-versed of the areas and they can easily smell the person that comes into their area like they smell danger. Hence, with this, to an opportunity, the boys find a gun on the table, for their rescue. As the entire scene was being processed, the dinosaur gathered courage to kill the boys as it thought and considered that the boys have been a danger and have come to kill him. With this, Alex fires from the gun but they had only a single bullet to it. After firing, with the last chance to save life, the bullet did not shoot and it just went touching the dinosaur which was a major loss for the boys. (Ceperley, 2016). Eventually with the sound of the same, the dinosaur got angry and then he howled to scare the boys harder. With this, Alex falls into the loop of trap hole. It was almost to make him drown where suddenly Sizan comes for the rescue of Alex from the trap hole. The two boys started running for the car immediately so that they can run back to their home. With this, a stronger flash light came and they were taken back to their original position to the normal world. With this, we can easily understand that you can be nice to the animals but before going anywhere, it is always recommended to get a proper training of how they are needed to be handled. If the two boys knew how to handle the same, then they would have never faced such a situation. Also, it has always been said that animals especially dinosaurs are scared from the bullet noise and so it is recommended that they should not be beaten with it. (Izdebski et al., 2016). This will help them to understand that they have not come for this purpose. A proper focus should have been on taking a person who is enough helpful for handling such an adverse situation. For this, there are also a need to be strong enough in different situations so that the person standing in front of you even understands your plight. You have to be clever in different situations and work on handling the same with effort and intelligence. If the boys would have been trained and asked to be calm, then dinosaur would have come near them but it would have not effected or harmed them. Hence, with this, it is evident that dont run from the danger rather try to face the situations that come to your life. This will not only give you a better experience but help in the proper development. In todays time, it is important that the person is well-versed with the different situations and be able to face the world. One does no have to be clever everywhere but you have to face the world with dif ferent experiences so that a particular mistake is not repeated. The dinosaurs are not harmful if they are treated with care and love. So is the humans, if the world start treating each other with love and cooperation, then there will no problem in life. Reference Zhang, S.H., Chen, T., Zhang, Y.F., Hu, S.M. and Martin, R.R., 2009. Vectorizing cartoon animations.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,15(4), pp.618-629. Baxter, W., Barla, P. and Anjyo, K., 2009. N?way morphing for 2D animation.Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds,20(2?3), pp.79-87. Georgenes, C., 2013.How to Cheat in Adobe Flash CS6: The Art of Design and Animation. Taylor Francis. Jha, S.K. and Shorko, S., 2016. Parallax engine for 2D animation in cinematography.Signal, Image and Video Processing, pp.1-5. Izdebski, ?. and Sawicki, D., 2016, September. Easing Functions in the New Form Based on Bzier Curves. InInternational Conference on Computer Vision and Graphics(pp. 37-48). Springer International Publishing. Liao, T., 2016. Value-Added Application of Digital ArchivesInteractive Picture Book Design to Introduce Local Industries.International Journal of Educational Science and Research (IJESR),6(3). Ceperley, P., 2016. Animation of 3, 2 negatively rotating mode on a 2D circular resonator with Neumann boundaries.

The Babylonian Creation Epic free essay sample

Enuma Elish is a major seven tablet Babylonian myth relating the beginning of gods, the rise of the god Marduk, the battle of between Marduk and Tiamat, and the creation of the universe and of humankind. It was one of the earliest mesapotamian literary creations discovered and found during the excavation at Nineveh(1848-76). In this paper, we shall highlight the account of this myth with its possible interpretation. We shall also compare it with the Bible for the similarities. Account of Enuma Elish: The meaning of ‘Enuma Elish’ according to Tyndale Bible Dictionary ‘when on high’ and the first two words of the epic, introducing the reader to a time when the heavens had not been named and the earth did not yet exist. The account is often known as the creation epic but it is more of the exaltation of Marduk. The text can be interpreted on several levels and from different perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Babylonian Creation Epic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the first and probably the most important is the political level. It is a political document describing the rise of Marduk to Kingship of the gods but also sees the cosmos as a political organization. According to Enuma Elish, man is created by the interplay between Ea (the traditional Sumerio-Babylonian creator), and Marduk (who replaced the mother goddess of tradition). The particular version of creation used is that of the Atra-hasis epic, in which Ea and the mother goddess make men from clay mixed with the blood of a slain god. In the Mesopotamian myth Enuma Elish a tension developed between the first creator and their offspring. This tension led to a rapture in the initial creation, and a struggle between its god and their offspring. In the ensuing battle, the foundation is established for human existence. In the Enuma Elish, the god Marduk was the leader of the offspring who fight Tiamat, the mother who was slain in the battle. After his military victory, marduk turned back to crush Tiamat and creates the universe. He divided Tiamat’s body into two, separating the two halves with the sky and created the heavenly bodies, the mountains and the springs. He then brought Tiamat monster and the tablets of destiny back to the gods. Who again declared him king. Marduk proposed to built Babylon as a place where the gods could come to assemble, and the gods offered to do the building according to his specifications. In response Marduk had Ea created men out of the blood of the slain Kingu, so that men could do the works of god and he organized the worlds of the gods, assigning to each god his functions. The gods built the temple of Marduk in Babylon and gathered to celebrate his kingship. They awarded him fifty great names, each bearing each own power, thus, â€Å"making his way supreme†. The epic ends with an injunction that all should tell this story and rejoice in Marduk. Enuma Elish and the Bible Since the publication of the work text, comaparisions have been drawn between Enuma Elish and the Bible especially with the creation account of Genesis. Some considerations have been made to the parallels between the seven tablets of Enuma Elish and the biblical seven days of creation. Both the stories began with water; and the spirit (or wind) of God hovering on the waters bears similarity to the winds of Anu that roiled Tiamat. Just as the sky divided the waters from above and below, Tiamat’s body was divided by the sky from her lower half. They also narrated the origin and function of the sun and moon in the same manner. But there were also great differences in these two accounts that one can not just talk about the literary inter- dependence or mythological similarities. The similarity is the evidence of a shared cosmology and a shared science that understood the world as beginning and surrounding in water, a concept also found in early Greece. The importance is that these concepts were commom in the near east region which the Israelites also used to convey their own independent message. The other parallel is the scattered poetic passages that allude to the Lord’s defeat of the sea in ancient times. The defeat of the sea is often followed by the mention of the reign of God and of the creation of the world, and sometimes the building of the temple. These themes presented the fundamental biblical cluster ideas but it does not mean that the motifs have a Babylonian origin. Conclusion There are other creation myths similar to that of creation. This showed that this kind of myth was common in those days in the ancient near east region. These are just myth not the fact which can not be proved scientifically but they threw light on the historical backround. So they can not just be ignored.

Advanced technologies Essays

Advanced technologies Essays Advanced technologies Essay Advanced technologies Essay It was already mentioned that acquisition program made Wimm Bill Dann a vertically integrated company, which controlled the full production cycle. Thus, it made the company virtually invulnerable to any kind of changes on the market. With all power in hand and pioneering technologies, Wimm Bill Dann became a strong and powerful market player. Yet, all the changes that Wimm Bill Dann undertook made the sector attractive to competitors. That’s exactly why campina, Ehrman, Danone and Parmalat appeared. However, it’s necessary to say that with all the acquisition that Wimm Bill Dann made, for those companies-competitors it had become a required condition as well to ensure reliable supply in order to stay flexible and react quickly to any market changes. In the past, the sector had been fractured – some plants produced milk, other entrepreneurs distribute it, the third ones sold etc. WBD changed the structure of the industry making the necessary condition to have reliable supply. Thus, it is possible to say that WBD’s acquisition program made it more difficult for potential newcomers to enter the market. The entrance barriers became high, though the sector had become very attractive. The contemporary trends in marketing environment demand complete flexibility of the companies, i. e. an ability to react quickly to different market changes. This condition is especially relevant to Russia, where political and economic environment are very hard to predict. When Wimm Bill Dann entered the market, the personal income of the customers was very low. It was necessary for WBD to make its products cheaper so that Russian consumers could buy. Nowadays, the personal income of people had substantially increased, as did the demands. The consumption partners are different as well. At the moment, people prefer to pay more but to buy quality products. The quality can be ensured only by strong brand. Thus, brand loyalty had become the necessary condition of success. Companies spend millions of dollars to make their brands recognizable, to ensure brand’s awareness and therefore to ensure stable market position for their customers. It is not a secret, that it is cheaper to retain the existing customer than to get a new one. Yet, it is also important to say that strong brand can be built only when company focuses as much effort as possible on this given product. Therefore, specialization nowadays is becoming more and more important in order to achieve market success. Considering this factor, Wimm Bill Dann’s strategy of diversification doesn’t appear to remain sustainable. Wimm Bill Dann nowadays is associated to the larger extent with diary products, in lesser extent with juice, but not with mineral water, beer in may be something else in future. Thus, it is reasonable that the company focuses all its efforts in pursuing brand loyalty in its diary segment. According to Boston Consulting Group matrix, portfolio of every company might be composed of four main category of products: Stars – have big market share, which quickly rises; Cows – have big market share, which remain stable; Questions – their market share is small, but it also quickly rises. With adequate financial support, questions can either turn into cows or stars; Dogs – their market share is small and it doesn’t enlarge. Companies have to get rid of dogs in order to save money and invest it in other perspective products. Thus, diary product is cows for Wimm Bill Dann, as they generate the largest profit for the company and have the best potential for growth. Juices can be considered stars. They need adequate promotional campaign in order to compete with foreign producers. In such a way, it is important to notice that Wimm Bill Dann’s strategy of diversification had done well for the company in the past contributing to fast growth and adequate response to changing market conditions. Yet, nowadays with growing competition and the wide variety of different products, it is very easy for the customer to get lost. That is why strong brand building is recommended to serve as a guide for the customer and to differentiate the products of the given company from the products of the rest of the companies. With this regard brand extension doesn’t seem to be a relevant approach, since people tend to associate the company with certain type of a product. Thus, if the customers think that Wimm Bill Dann does diaries the best, they wouldn’t think so with regard to beer or any other product. That is why, brand extension can even create a threat for the company’s core competence products – diaries and juices. In such a way, specialization rather than diversification strategy seems more relevant and more useful. 2. What made Wimm Bill Dann a potentially attractive takeover target? Wimm Bill Dann is a pioneer company on the post soviet Russian market. It is the first company to use advanced technologies of packaging and product preservation, thus making the products look better and serve longer. It is also the first Russian company to use active marketing campaigns in order to create strong demand for its products and form strong customer loyalty. Moreover, Wimm Bill Dann is a vertically integrated company that doesn’t depend on suppliers. This provides additional competitive advantage and ensures company’s success. Thus, the most relevant competitive advantage of the company are: wide distribution network, which ensures availability of WBD’s products; Advanced technologies; full production cycle; strong brands. All thses factors make the company, as it was already mentioned, virtually invulnerable to any kind of market changes. The company is able to adapt quickly to any external changes, which makes Wimm Bill Dann very attractive as a potential takeover target. Moreover, Wimm Bill Dann extended its operations to foreign markets as well, thus it has excellent opportunities for growth. Being number one national producer in Russia, Wimm Bill Dann set high entrance barriers for newcomers and is able now to dictate own conditions on the market. Yet, what makes the company especially attractive target is its powerful brand equity. Wimm Bill Dann’s brand is what adds the most value to the company. WBD is one of the most expensive brands in Russia, which has great potential of becoming one of the most expensive brand in Europe and Asia. References 1. Brown S. (2000) â€Å"Imagining Marketing: Art, aesthetics and the avant-garde† Routledge, London 2. Debrah Y. (2002) â€Å"Globalization, Employment and the Workplace† Routledge, London 3. Cassing J. (1998) â€Å"Capital, Technology and Labor in the New Global Economy† American Enterprise Institute, Washington DC

Feminist critique on a street car named desire Essays

Feminist critique on a street car named desire Essays Feminist critique on a street car named desire Essay Feminist critique on a street car named desire Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Although the drama itself would hold made immense paces in the feminist motion at the clip the message behind the drama brings out a important and relevant message to the audience today, and asks bigger inquiries to immature people in a coevals that dubiously has made really few stairss frontward in the past few decennaries. It inquiries how gendered stereotyping controls our society and how small both sexes attention to amend it in an apathetic civilization. Blanche as a character although resembling, at times, the possible to be of more significant character and command the acknowledgment she deserves, is trapped into a bubble of what can be considered feminine and is convinced by her ain bomber scruples and those around her that the lone manner to acquire what she wants is to move within certain stereotypes to happen herself any adult male to supply the stableness she craves, Stella likewise takes the function in a less overdone mode but this in some ways is more powerful as she has the power over Stanley to carry on him as she wishes but herself deems it merely acceptable to run back to him every clip he calls. : Suicide in its simplest signifier because society has condemned her to our four walls of muliebrity. A Streetcar Named Desire presents a crisp experimental review of the manner the establishments and attitudes of postwar America placed limitations on women’s actions and lives. Williams uses Blanche’s and Stella’s dependance on work forces to expose and measure the intervention of adult females during the passage from the old to the new South. Both Blanche and Stella see male comrades as their lone means to accomplish felicity, Blanche and Stella throughout the drama remain in the mentality that to get a male comrade is their lone true and justified way to happiness, accordingly they form a dependence to work forces for both their nutriment and their self-image. Blanche criticizes Stella for remaining in a physically opprobrious relationship with her incubation hubby Stanley, therefore in bend knocking Stella for depending on Stanley for emotional support and sexual alleviation, Stella declares she is not in anything she wants to acquire out of’ this minute in the drama shocks Blanche as she realises that person she loves and respects so wholly could take this life for herself. However the manner Blanche leads her life- contacting Shep Huntleigh for fiscal support- still demonstrates a complete uncompromising dependence on work forces. At the terminal of the drama, when Stella makes the witting determination to stay with her hubby, Stanley, she has chosen to trust on love, and put her religion and trust in a adult male alternatively of her sister. Williams chooses non to show this determination as a error or a female falling as it is clear that Blanche’s behaviour does non offer nor show a secure hereafter for Stella or for her freshly born kid. One of the most outstanding communications within the drama is that posed by Blanche, as a character we find it improbably hard to sympathise with her, she appears on the surface manipulative and brainsick masked clumsily by sickening girlishness. She comes across in so many ways hardly a adult female at all with her shrill demands and changeless awkward giggling, nevertheless her yesteryear reveals she is far more of a adult female than Stella or Blanche would of all time wish to believe, her shaded life in Bellereeve leaves trails of disconnected muliebrity behind her which subsequently manifests itself in the signifier of barbarous chitchat that accordingly sparks Blanches ruin. Within herself, Blanche views a speedy matrimony to Mitch as a mode of bolting destitution. Blanche’s sexual exuberance is criticized by Stanley and exploited by all the other work forces in her life excepting Mitch, staining her name, and supplying her with a promiscuous repute. This repute, by nature of society, brands Blanche an unfit and unattractive matrimony chance, nevertheless, as she is impoverished, Blanche perceives matrimony as her lone chance for endurance in a bible belt that condemns adult females be pure in order to be a possibility for marriage. When Mitch discards Blanche based on the slander painted by Stanley about her licentious yesteryear, Blanche outright turns to another man- the millionaire Shep Huntleigh- in hope of another marvelous rescuing. Because Blanche is blinded by her dependance on work forces, she loses sight of a realistic construct of salvaging herself from being pushed down, this position has been embedded in her by humanity reprobating her to believe her lone discharge will be if a good honest adult male will marry her, therefore someway wipe outing the shadows of her yesteryear in Bellereeve. Blanche fails to come to footings with the fact that by seting so much accent and trust in work forces she no longer controls the results of her hereafter as she puts her destiny in the custodies of a adult male, therefore finally taking to her descent into insanity. One of the most of import facets of feminism is that gender is a societal concept and if muliebrity is defined strictly through the ironss of society instead than through natural causes, few societies have enforced it more forcefully and with such energies as the American South. The saga that is the southern adult female began in the mid 1800’s which saw a white adult female of a certain standing put on a base. The southern gentleman and society enforced that a adult female be a non-sexual animal, helpless and fragile, this is concentrated and highlighted in Blanche’s behavior as she believes the lone manner for her to look attractive to the opposite sex is to attest herself as hapless and incapable. As a Southern lady, Blanche’s narrowly defined societal function has kept her from acknowledging her natural appetencies and prosecuting them squarely. She has felt obliged to lie to herself and to others. However throughout the drama these concealed desires have revealed themselves in private company, for case her heavy imbibing would be seen as impure by southern society and this is apparent by both Mitch’s and Stanley’s reaction to this trait. Blanches greatest dirt from belle reeve is that she let her sexual nature control her actions therefore spoiling’ her and rendering her a destroyed adult female. To show one’s gender or desires outright reduces a adult female to tainted and impure. Williams has said that he considers Blanche’s character liberated, she has lived such an independent life in such a inhibitory clip she could about be considered heroic were she non so ashamed of her ferocious former independency. In the drama she seeks stableness after the calamity of her life in Belle reeve – ergo her attractive force to Mitch – his incessant and ceaseless boredom consequences in Blanche being capable of carry throughing her cardinal hungriness in this clip of her life, to happen a good hubby. She on a regular basis discourages masculine behavior in Mitch, rendering him the submissive co-part of the relationship, Blanche subconsciously maculates herself by making this. Both sisters have felt the full force of get marrieding for love ( Stella through the physical maltreatment omitted by Stanley and Blanche through the matter of her bi-sexual late hubby ) it could be argued that Allan’s sexual ambiguity led Stella to take an overtly heterosexual working category adult male. Some criticise Williams authorship of Stella as she fails to let go of herself from the appreciation of her opprobrious hubby, showing that Williams nowadayss Stella ( and blanche ) as weak and unqualified nevertheless this unfavorable judgment is unfair as Williams would hold been composing before any signifier of feminist motion arose, intending that Williams himself was composing strictly from observation of his Southern America. Williams himself as a homosexual male experienced the same struggles as these adult females being considered a 2nd category citizen or an other’ The stoping of the drama, coatings polemically for womens rightists turn toing the issue of colza, nevertheless Williams does non present Blanche as victim, although the tone of sympathy chiefly lies with the adult females of the drama Blanche manifests herself as a worthy opposition, she has allured Stanley with provocative remarks and engaged in verbal conflicts with him throughout the drama. She has non proved a weak antagonist at any minute and at the flood tide of the drama smashes a bottle and threatens to ’twist it into his face . Stanley does non ravish Blanche in order to re-instate his power in the house instead than as a conflict for place of alpha-male, as from the beginning of the drama Blanche has threatened this place, she has drunk his intoxicant, manipulated his married woman and this pinnacle marks the terminal conflict of this on-going power-struggle. Stanley is non minimizing Blanche or adult females in general by ravishing her instead he experience it is his last resort in order to hold triumph therefore turn outing he sees her as a echt bullying. Stanley says we’ve had this day of the month with each other from the beginning’ screening that she was a direct menace from the beginning and the fact that it could connote that the act was pre-meditated is the lone indicant of calculated cold- blooded inhuman treatment on Stanley’s behalf. Williams challenges the traditional position of matrimony as posed by cultural standing, presuming that matrimony is the terminal of the narrative, and that matrimony is synonymous with a life-time of joy, wipe outing all hurting from behind that minute. Williams sees matrimony as the start of a life for a adult male, far from the cloud nine that is advertised. Mitch and Stanley represent realistic portrayals of work forces who will invariably jam their adult females into gendered stereotypes and Stella and Blanche will ever compel to protect their ain stature and ( in the instance of Stella ) to shelter their kids.

The study of motivation in consumers which stimulates them to purchase Literature review

The study of motivation in consumers which stimulates them to purchase luxury goods despite the steep and increasing price - Literature review Example Again during 2004-2007, when the luxury industry was expanding and emerging into other markets, the CAGR was 8 percent (Amatulli and Guido, 2011). The growth of luxury goods market was caused by two important factors. Firstly the economic growth all throughout the world has lead to the creation of new class of rich people (Vigneron and Johnson, 2004) and secondly, the increase in the demand and range of products of luxury goods (Silverstein and Fiske, 2003). However, the sales of luxury goods were predicted to ease in 2013 due to the lower growth rate in China and subdued spending in Europe (Reuters, 2013; Wendlandt and Binnie, 2013). The sales are expected to hover around 4 to 5 percent as compared to the 5 percent sales in the year 2012 (Bain & Company, 2013). It is also expected that the revenue generated from the luxury market will rise 50 percent faster than the global GDP and the annual average growth rate will be around 5 to 6 percent in the year 2015 (Bain & Company, 2013). T he four main categories that come under luxury goods are Jewellery and watches Spirits and wines Cosmetics and perfume Fashion that includes accessories, ready-to-wear and couture (Jackson, 2004). Recently some other categories were also added like airlines, home furnishing, private banking, tourism, hotels and luxury automobiles (Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2008). Fashion luxury goods include perfume, jewellery, watches, shoes, handbags, accessories and apparels, the display or use of which only brings prestige for the owner and functional utility takes a back seat (Vigneron and Johnson, 2004). Some of the research scholars have previously tried to highlight on the profile of the buyer and understand the reason behind the consumption of luxury goods (Dubois, Czellar and Laurent, 2005; Husic and Cicic, 2009; Summers, Belleau and Xu 2006; Wiedmann, Hennigs and Siebels, 2007). Some others have focused on the role of brand in the consumption of luxury products (Fionda and Moore, 2009; Kap ferer and Bastien, 2009; O’Cass and Frost, 2002; Phau and Prendergast, 2000; Tsai, 2005). More specifically Vigneron and Johnson (1999, cited by Amatulli and Guido, 2011) has focused on the presence of interpersonal and personal motives behind the consumption of luxury goods. In this section the focus is on luxury branding, pricing and issues that influences buying behaviour. 2.2 Meaning of luxury The word luxury has been derived from the Latin word â€Å"luxus†, which signifies the pleasure of senses irrespective of cost. Vigneron and Johnson (2004) have created a framework that consists of five components, which provides the meaning of luxury. High quality is associated with luxury goods, which is perceived as a fundamental attribute. Quality signifies craftsmanship, utility, sophistication, technology, design and material etc. Origin and tradition of the product along with the perceived superiority and excellence of the products acts as the reassuring factors which is a motivating factor for the customers who are buying any luxury goods. Semiotics of luxury has identified hedonistic value, which signifies the emotional responses linked to the consumption of luxury goods like excitement, sensory gratification and aesthetic beauty. Consumption is about the experience and feeling of pleasure that the consumer gets from the ownership of the goods like self-indulgence, fulfilment and personal reward. Conspicuous is another value attached with the consumption o

COMPETITION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COMPETITION - Assignment Example This will help comprehend the accurate outcome of the competition in the framework and growth of varied plant communities. The article entails testing a hypothesis that the competitive effect of multi-species mixtures on a specific objective plant can be illustrated as a plain additive function of the effects of specific species. The graph presents results of a controlled field competition among 4 common species of dry acidic grasslands (Hieracium pilosella, Jasione montana, Corynephorus canescens and Festuca ovina) with an aim of investigating the outcomes of equally, specific and multi-species neighborhoods on the target species H. pilosella. The competition in this graph is measured by the target plant biomass pointing at a competitive level of neighbor species with F. ovinaas being the leading competitor trailed by C. canescens and H. pilosella. In addition, J. Montana has a reduced impact on the target. Ultimately, the study of the competitive effect presents no sign of competitive increase or decrease with a growing number of neighboring

Mental Process Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mental Process - Research Paper Example This only happens if historical significance of the past events is considered and regarded appropriately. In this way, decision making in organization focuses on forecasts of all possible outcomes and scenarios in planning allowing for safer decisions and reduced risks. In intuition, there are different variations such as expert intuition, strategic and ordinary that varies in the rate and quality of decision-making (Duggan, 2007). Expert is the kind that allows one to make decisions rapidly from recognition, while ordinary is based on feeling, and strategic follows clear thought. Imagination in creative intelligence is quite different from intuition, in that it follows imaginative visualization of possible scenarios, unlike intuition (Innovative Thinker, 2010). In an organization, imagination allows an individual to rise above adversity, such as difficult situations and see beyond. This way, imagination determines the ability to cope for with difficult situations and the level of problem solving skills. As a result, it generates confidence that inspires others allowing for future planning. The one significant shortcoming of this mindset is that it fails to inspire focus on the immediate future. Innovation as an aspect of creative intelligence focuses on the issues at hand, by observing the evidence and calculating the possible outcomes from it (Innovative Thinker, 2010). Due to its nature in logic, it inspires mindsets that are realistic by having visible data in spite of clouding the expected goals and visions of an organization. However, this style provides substantial limitations in the decisions made due to its rigidity. This is concerning the facts and evidence presented and other unseen factors that may not be included. Innovation as a style does play a critical role in decision making by creating long-term reliability and continuous success (Lazic and Saskatoon, 2007). The last style is that of inspiration; which is based on changes in the society

Answers to Questions on Strategic Human Resource Management

Answers to Questions on Strategic Human Resource Management Due to changes in business environment, the Human Resource gained more roles and activities in the shaping of the strategy of management in organisations. The contemporary literature review provides a number of various definitions for strategy. James Brian Quinns definition of strategy focuses on the integration of goals, policies and practices: A strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organisation major goals, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole (Grees 2003, p 207). The Human Resource Management in organisations has been fully integrated with their business strategy. The strategy aims at providing a framework of directions, coordination as well as decision making. Besides, strategy may also have the role of allocating resources. According to William Henn: Strategy is the concentration of resources on selected opportunities for competitive advantage (ibid). William Henns definition refers to the making of crucial decisions that consist of moving resources from less promising projects to areas where the organisation can have more strategic and competitive advantage. Therefore, the Strategic Human Resource Management importance relies largely on its role providing competitive advantage through the effective use and implementation of such resources in such a way that enable the organisation to achieve its strategic requirements and goals. Patrick Wright and Gary McMahan summarise the Strategic Human Resource Management as the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to achieve its goals (ibid). Edward et al (2003, p10) highlights the importance of Strategic Human Resource Management by emphasising on the variety of its roles and functions that include: managing change, contribution to strategy, managing the outsourcing of human resource, and operating shared services units. For instance: S.H.R.M is playing a great role in delivering changes in organisations that aspire to reposition itself in the face of changing competitive conditions. This often involves new structuring and new training that deliver the shift to new business context. 1.2. Purpose of SHRM in John Lewis As we briefly discussed above the significance of Strategic Human Resource Management in corporate world, the following analysis will attempt to identify the purpose of S.H.R.M practices in organisations but more specifically as it will examine those practices particularly in one organisation which is John Lewis. However, no doubt that the main purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management in John Lewis may largely apply to any other organisation. John Lewis as being one of the UK largest cloth retailer as well as an upmarket food retailer is always concerned with maintaining a steady growth by adding more value to the services it provides. Hence, for this purpose John Lewis has managed to successfully use the Strategic Human Resource by strongly linking its function with the competitive advantage and that is because all the employees within the company are part owners of the company  [i]  1. The overall purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management in John Lewis can be summarised in the following points: Developing highly skilled employees: John Lewis eagerness to competitiveness and an awareness of the increasing demands for technologically advanced environment showed the companys recognition that distinctive competencies are obtained through developing highly skilled employees. This requires programs of training and development that solidify the employees contribution to the company. Controlling labour costs: S.H.R.M function in John Lewis is very effective when it comes to controlling the companys total expenditure like: wages, training costs, compensationsetc. This function is very important to the company as argued by Edward et al (2003, p204) the pressure to control costs increased general managers awareness of the impact of inefficient use of human resource. Performance motivation: as mentioned above, John Lewis employees are part owners of the company. This strategy aims at pushing employees to become more committed and highly motivated towards their company. Besides, the companys strategy is to address all employees needs whether by rewards or other means. 1.3 Contribution of S.H.R.M to the achievement of John Lewis goals: John Lewis has set its S.H.R.M goals and studied the tools to achieve them. Yet, the remaining question is whether the strategies adopted have contributed to the achievement of these goals. According to John Lewis interim report 2010, the company seems to have achieved a significant growth even within a tough economic environment. We can argue that part of the success is largely owed to the integration of human resource activities within the companys strategy formulation and planning process. John Lewis provides an exemplary practice with respect to the functioning of its human resource. Having its employees as part owners, this strategy has allowed them or rather pushed them to contribute more towards improvement of their companys performance. The Strategic Human Resource Management at John Lewis may represent its main key strength. Through its skilled work force, the company has managed to distinctively position itself in the UK market. On the other hand, according to the classical human resource approach, any companys structure is affected by certain situational factors such as: technology, size and environment. As demonstrated by Pfeffer (1994), best human resource practice should have a structure that places staff members into groups that should have the ability to make their own decisions. John Lewis has adopted this structure by the division of the company into departments. These departments work together as teams to achieve goals and the company gives almost equal rewards to all members of the team. Therefore, adopting a strategic structure of the human resource at John Lewis has enable the company to achieve its objectives and gain more competitive advantage. Task2: 2.1 The Business factors that underpin human resource planning at BT: Human resource planning in current organisations is subject to constant change and development due to the influence of various internal and external factors. For BT, the industry of telecommunication is very challenging from many aspects e.g.: Business changes: BTs human resources has to adapt to the changes of the mature voice and connectivity market which is characterised by a high competitiveness and an increasing demand for reduced operational complexities. Employees development: as technology is at the heart of BTs telecommunication services, there is a constant need for developing highly skilled employees in order to better serve the customers. For instance, BT is working to grow from being a telecommunication company to become a 21st century software-driven organisation  [2]  which requires the development of new capabilities. Economic fluctuation: BT has suffered from an unbalance of financial resources due to the global economic slowdown, which had adversely impacted its human resources performance. As a consequence, BT has reduced last year the number of indirect employees working through agencies or third party contractors by around 1100 and full-time employees by 9000. 2.2 The human resource requirements in a given situation: Due to the complexities facing the sector of telecommunication (discussed above), human resources at BT needed to adopt a new culture of what is known as mobile and flexible working. The key driver behind the new strategy is to reduce operational costs and improve employees efficiency: Cost transformation: through mobile and flexible working, human resources at BT should be able to reduce property, accommodation and travelling costs. Employees efficiency: flexible working can reduce absenteeism, increase demand for new hires and offers employees a better work-life balance which meanwhile helps boosting their efficiency and productivity. 2.3 A human resource plan for BT: If the H.R new plan of mobile working at BT is to be successful, it should provide appropriate tools and set clear objectives. Peter Drucker (1950) used the SMART acronym to define goals that are: specific, measurable, agreed, realistic, time related  [3]  . The H.R should deploy necessary efforts to up-skill employees through: Introducing the plan of mobile working using presentations, reports, web applicationsetc, taking into consideration that the more employees to choose mobile working, the greater the benefits of productivity for the organisation. Designing a process to support the transition: it could be done through 12 weeks of training programs including: skills to use visual display equipments, virtual offices, capability to access automating health and safety systemsetc Ensuring that the management has the appropriate tools to monitor and measure the performance of mobile workers. 2.4 Contribution of a human resources plan to meet BTs objectives: Human resources functions are tied to organisational strategies and must be designed to support the achievement of the business objectives. The new orientation of mobile working that H.R followed at BT reflects new elements of success that can massively contribute to the growth of the company. At this stage, the H.R is not only controlling and mentoring but rather adding value and responding to the global business changes. Besides, the approach has proved beneficiary across different organisations. BTs main objectives are targeting tow areas: the quality of services and the cost transformation. Relatively, human resources at BT have been working in the same context. Their new approach can accelerate commercial benefits that are necessary for BT to take leading position within the highly competitive market of telecommunication. 2.5 The purpose of human resource management policies in organisations: Human resource policies are codified rules and guideline that organisations establish to run their businesses  [4]  . The policies reflect the organisations culture and cover a set of procedures such as: hiring, employee relations, managing risks, corporate governanceetc. through a comprehensive human resource policies, organisations are able to build up their reputation and save valuable resources in case of any emerging crisis within the business. In the UK telecommunication industry for instance, organisations performances are critically dependent on the Data Protection Act (1998) which is concerned about the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information  [5]  . This Act helps organisation to build up trust with their stakeholders and demonstrate commitment to protect their information. On the other hand, many issues related to employees are drawn upon the Employment Act (2008) which deals with procedures for the resolution of employment disputes, compensation for financial loss, application of minimum wages legislation, the right of trade unions, enforcement of offences under the Employment Agencies Act 1973  [6]  .. and many other connected purposes. 2.6 The impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies in BT: Human resources policies at BT span the complete business circle, from healthcare and safety of employees to security and copyright. The H.R policies at the organisation ensure the safety of employees and the public exposed to BT operations. BT is also critically concerned with the secure operation of its information systems, networks and data which are part of its major responsibilities as a telecommunication organisation. For this purpose, BT developed a set of policies and measures designed to deal with any catastrophic event such as: cyber-attacks, industrial failures, terrorist attacksetc. human resources management at BT realises that any significant failure to protect the company or customers data could ruin the business reputation and lead financial losses ( e.g. cancellation of contract, penaltiesetc). . Task3: 3.1 The impact of the organisational structure at MS on the management of human resources: Salamen, G and Asch, D (2003, P20) assume that organisational structure refers to the shape of the organisation, the number of levels of management and the nature and number of jobs. Any alterations to any element could lead to a structural change which itself impact on the human resource management. At Marks and Spencer, changes were introduced in the past years in order to keep up with the intense competition in the retail industry. Thus, the company refocused its business on three business values: quality, value, and services  [7]  . The new business strategy has created more challenges for the employees especially when the management opted for a more flatter structure by skipping some layers of authority, placing high centralisation on staff and supporting better coordination between the senior management and the business units. The process of delayering at MS created more business units and assigned more responsibilities to the employees. Therefore, human resources management introduced more programs of training and development. As the flat structure was giving employees more jobs, the management had to ensure that they possess the required technical skills and business competencies to manage ambiguities, and take wise decisions. In sum, the case of MS highlights the link between organisational structure and human resource management. The structure of any organisation has its own needs and requirements that the human resource should work towards fulfilling them. 3.2 The impact of MS organisational culture on the management of human resources: An organisational culture encompasses shared systems of meaning and values  [8]  . As mentioned earlier, MS eagerness to reposition itself in the retail market has led to major organisational changes. MS was determined to change the basis on which it competed by rebranding itself as a service based organisation  [9]  . The key focus of MS cultural change was on changing employees attitudes which clearly represents a strategic issue for the human resource management. Reinforcing desired behaviours requires big efforts and well studied actions. Human resource at MS focused on three key areas: Creating willingness to change among employees by raising the awareness about the necessity of the change, its benefits as well as the pressure that might be associated with the transition process. Communication at this stage is very important and an ongoing process of feedback is essential. Involving people: senior managers need to provide guidance and understand employees concerns. Sustaining the change: through continuous support, increased pay or bonus, develop new competenciesetc Cultural change at Marks and Spencer was dependent on the efficiency of its human resource planning. The H.R management in any organisation plays a great role in the achievement of organisations objectives and depends in the first place on the employees to make that happen. However, introducing any organisational changes always puts H.R management under substantial pressures. 3.3 How the effectiveness of human resources management is monitored: Human resource effectiveness monitoring is essential to enable the employees to focus on their next target role. Marks and Spence has successfully monitor the human resource performance through: Performance appraisals: employees discuss their development with their line managers who decide whether there is a need for further training. Every employee should make a personal development plan to set objectives on the basis of the appraisal feedback. Competency profiling: it also examines skills required for effectiveness as :communicating and influencing, decision making, business leadership, innovation and change, people and resource management, technical skillsetc. 3.4 Recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management: The following is list of recommendations that aims at improving the effectiveness of human resources management in organisations: Promote diversity: which is very important especially for businesses that are growing globally and need to deal with different mindsets. Besides, diversity reflects the commitment of the organisation to its corporate social responsibilities. Support equal opportunities in job descriptions: in order to promote social inclusion. Clearly align the strategies with the organisations objectives: human resource should develop policies and practices that support the achievement of business goals. Develop a well designed pay and reward plans according to exceptional performances and meanwhile recognise the value of all the staff making significant efforts.

Essay --

2.1 INTRODUCTION The first chapter of this dissertation has indicated organizational commitment (OC) as the way to improve a wide range of positive organizational outcomes and in curing turnover and absenteeism problems. It is vital to have a thorough understanding of the overall concept of OC. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to provide a review on OC based on an extensive search of existing literature. This chapter starts with the theoretical background of OC and its definition in the current world. Different approaches of OC are then discussed and Three-Component Model will be presented in detail. This chapter progresses to evaluate the OC in the construction industry based on the existing literature. Finally, a summary is provided at the end of this chapter. 2.2 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT (OC) Commitment is a multi-foci concept. One may find commitment to the profession associations, the union, the work teams as well as commitment to the family, the state or religion, projects, values or career (Reichers, 1985; Baruch, 1998; Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001; Paillà ©, Fournier & Lamontagne 2011). OC is one of the five forms of work commitment indicated by Morrow (1983) and has been conceptualized in different constructs, definitions and interpretations to better understand the intensity and stability of an employee’s dedication to the organization (Cohen, 2007; Singh & Venugopal, 2008). The earliest attempt of the conceptualization of commitment is by Becker’s (1960) side-bet theory. He argued that an individual is committed in an organization is because of the hidden investments. The threat of losing these investments, along with a perceived lack of alternatives to replace or make up for th... ...onship is essential in undertaking project tasks to attain the goals. To the QS, goal attainment within the work group creates a positive influence to be a member of the group. Hence, QS is likely to gain or maintain their membership in the group (Chiu & Ng, 2013). In order to achieve the desired attitude and behavioural changes among employees, it is essential to understand the objectives, expectations and goals of the organization and the employees (Mohyin, Dainty, & Carrillo, 2009). Failing in understanding what employees require and expect from the employment relationship will often lead to the deterioration in commitment and loyalty and thus increase employee turnover (Loosemore et al., 2003). This reflects a need in studying the antecedents of OC among QS, by looking at QS who work in different consultant and construction firms to fill the gaps in knowledge.

Taj People Philosphy and Star System

The employee at Taj is viewed as an asset and is the real profit centre. He or she is the very reason for our survival. The creation of the Taj People Philosophy displays our commitment to and belief in our people. We want an organisation with a very clear philosophy, where we can treasure people and build from within. * Bernard Martyris. Senior Vice-President, HR, Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL) Introduction In March 2001, the Taj Group launched an employee loyalty program called the ‘Special Thanks and Recognition System’ (STARS). STARS was an initiative aimed at motivating employees to transcend their usual duties and responsibilities and have fun during work. This program also acknowledged and rewarded hard working employees who had achieved excellence in their work. The Taj Group had always believed that their employees were their greatest assets and the very reason for the survival of their business. In 2000, to show its commitment to and belief in employees, the Taj Group developed the ‘Taj People Philosophy’ (TPP), which covered all the people practices of the group. TPP considered every aspect of employees’ organisational career planning, right from their induction into the company till their superannuation. TPP offered many benefits to the Taj Group. It helped the company boost the morale of its employees and improve service standards, which in turn resulted in repeat customers for many hotels in the group. The STAR system also led to global recognition of the Taj Group of hotels in 2002 when the group bagged the ‘Hermes Award’ for ‘Best Innovation in Human Resources’ in the global hospitality industry. The Taj People Philosophy Since its establishment, the Taj Group had a people-oriented culture. The group always hired fresh graduates from leading hotel management institutes all over India so that it could shape their attitudes and develop their skills in a way that fitted its needs and culture. The management wanted the new recruits to pursue a long-term career with the group. All new employees were placed in an intensive two-year training program, which familiarised them with the business ethos of the group, the management practices of the organisation, and the working of the cross-functional departments. The employees of the Taj Group were trained in varied fields like sales and marketing, finance, hospitality and service, front office management, food and beverages, projects, HR and more. They also had to take part in various leadership programs, so that they could develop in them a strong, warm and professional work culture. Through these programs, the group was able to assess the future potential of the employees and the training required to further develop their skills. The group offered excellent opportunities to employees both on personal as well as organisational front. In order to achieve ‘Taj standards’, employees were made to undergo a rigorous training program. The group strove hard to standardise to all its processes and evolve a work culture, which appealed to all its employees universally. The group believed that talent management was of utmost importance to develop a sustainable competitive advantage. The group aimed at making the HR function a critical business partner, rather than just a support function. To further show its commitment to and belief in employees, the group created the ‘Taj People Philosophy’ (TPP) covering all people practices of the group. The concept of TPP, developed in 199,was the brainchild of Bernard Martyris, Senior Vice-President, HR, IHCL, and his core team. The concept, originally planned to be called as ‘The Womb to Tomb Approach’, covered all the aspects of an employee’s career, from joining the group until his/her retirement. TPP was based on the key points of the Taj employee charter. Key Points of the Taj Charter Some of the key points of the Taj Charter are given below: * Every employee of the Taj Group would be an important member in the Taj family. * The Taj family would always strive to attract, retain and reward the best talent in the industry. * The Taj family would commit itself to formal communication channels, which would foster transparency. It was developed in line with the Tata Business Excellence Model (TBEM). Explaining the rationale for implementing the philosophy, Martyris said, â€Å"It is to achieve that international benchmarking in hospitality, and HR must fit into it†. According to him, the three major areas of TPP included work systems and processes, learning and development and employee welfare. As part of the TPP, the Taj Group introduced a strong performance management system, called the Balanced Scorecard System (BSS) that linked individual performance with the group’s overall strategy. BSS was based on a model developed by Kalpan and Nortan, and focused on enhancing both individual as well as enterprise performance. BSS measured the performance of employees across all hierarchical levels against a set of predefined targets and identified their variances. Martyris explained, â€Å"We are looking at a matrix form of organisation which cuts across hierarchy. It is important to understand the potential of people†. Therefore, BSS was implemented even at the lowest levels of hierarchy. The BSS included an Employee Satisfaction Tracking System (ESTS), which solved employees’ problems on a quarterly basis. As a part of ESTS, Taj carried out an organisation-wide employee satisfaction survey in mid 2000 of about 9000 employees. According to this survey, the reported satisfaction level was about 75%. The group aimed to increase this level to 90-95% and eventually to 100%. The group also took strong measures to weed out under-performers. The group adopted the 360-degree feedback system to evaluate the performance of all top officials, from the managing director to departmental managers, in which they were evaluated by their immediate subordinates. The 360-degree feedback was followed by personal interviews in individuals to counsel them to overcome their deficiencies. The Taj Group also established Centres of Excellence for its 14,000 employees at five locations in India, including Jaipur, Bangalore, Ernakulam, Chennai and Hyderabad. At these centres, departmental heads in each functional area were trained. These departmental heads later trained their own staff. The training included foundation modules and accreditation programs that familiarised the employees with Taj standards. Apart from adopting stringent measures to improve performance, Taj also recognised and rewarded its best employees across all levels of the organisation. For this purpose, Taj created a unique employee identification tracking and reward program known as STARS. Describing the program, Martyris said, â€Å"It’s an HR initiative aimed at creating an association ‘between our star performers and our brand, the Taj’†. The Star System The STAR system (STARS) was the brainchild of Martyris. The system was developed in accordance with Taj’s core philosophy that ‘happy employees lead to happy customers’. STARS, operative throughout the year (from April to March), was open to all employees across the organisation, at all hierarchical levels. It aimed to identify, recognise and reward those employees who excelled in their work. STARS was actively promoted across the group’s 62 chain of hotels and among its 18,000 employees globally, out of which 15,000 were from India. STARS had five different levels. Though employees did not receive any cash awards, they gained recognition by the levels they attained through the points they accumulated for their acts of kindness or hospitality. ‘Level 1’ was known as the ‘Silver Grade’. To reach this level, employees had to accumulate 120points in three months. To attain ‘Level 2’, known as the ‘Gold Grade’, employees had to accumulate 130 points within three months of attaining the silver grade. To reach ‘Level 3’, called the ‘Platinum Grade’, employees had to accumulate 250 points within sic months of attaining the gold grade. To attain ‘Level 4’, employees had to accumulate 510 or more points, but below 760points, to be a part of the Chief Operating Officer’s club. ‘Level 5’ which was the highest level in STARS, enabled employees to be a part of the MD’s club, if they accumulated 760 or more poi nts. Points were granted to employees on the basis of parameters like integrity, honesty, kindness, respect for customers, environmental awareness, teamwork, coordination, cooperation, excellence in work, new initiatives, trustworthiness, courage, conviction, among others. Suggestions by employees that benefited the organisation fetched them significant points. Such suggestions in each hotel of the Taj Group were examined by the General Manager and training manager of the hotel the employee worked in. the suggestions could also be posted on the Web, which were constantly monitored. Employees could also earn points through appreciation by customers, ‘compliment-a-colleague’ forums and various suggestion schemes. Employees could also get ‘default points’ if the review committee did not give feedback to the employee within two days of his/her offering a suggestion for the betterment of the organisation. In such cases, the employee concerned was awarded ’20 default points’. Hence, in an indirect manner, the system compelled judges of the review committee to give feedback to employees as early as possible. STARS helped employees work together as a team and appreciate fellow employees for their acts of kindness and excellence. It enhanced their motivation levels and led to increased customer satisfaction. In one case, a bellboy in one of the group’s hotel who received an American customer wen out of his way to care for the customer. Noticing that the customer, who had arrived late at night, was suffering from cold, he offered to bring him a doctor. However, the customer refused the boy’s offer. The bellboy then, on his own, offered a glass of warm water mixed with ginger and honey, a traditional Indian home remedy for cough and cold. The customer felt surprised and also happy at the bellboy’s gesture. He left a note of appreciation for him, which added to his existing points. According to the number of points accumulated, employees would receive a star, which could be pinned on to their coat. When a certain number of points were collected, employees received gift hampers, cash vouchers or a vacation in a Taj Hotel of their choice in India. The winners of STARS were felicitated at a function held in Taj, Mumbai. The winners’ photographs were displayed on a big screen at the function and they received awards given by the MD of the Taj Group. This award ceremony significantly boosted their morale. The STARS program seemed to have generated lot of attention among the employees at the Taj Group. During the initial phase, not every hotel seemed to be serious about adopting STARS, but after the first awards ceremony was conducted, every hotel in the group reportedly became very serious about the implementation of STARS. Reportedly, customer satisfaction levels increased significantly after the implementation of STARS. Commenting on the success of STARS, Martyris said, â€Å"After the campaign was launched, a large number of employees have started working together in the true spirit of teams and this helps us value our human capital. There are stars all around us but very often we look only at stars outside the system. Many employees do that extra bit and go that extra mile, out of the way to dazzle the customer satisfaction with employee recognition. Employee recognition is hence, directly linked to customer satisfaction. It is a recognition for the people, of the people and by the people†. STARS was also used by the group as an appraisal system, in addition to its regular appraisal system. The Future The STARS was not only successful as an HR initiative, but it brought many strategic benefits to the group as well. The service standards at all hotels of the group improved significantly because the employees felt that their good work was being acknowledged and appreciated. This resulted in repeat customers for Taj hotels. And because of STARS, the Group won the ‘Hermes Award 2002’ for ‘best innovation in HR’ in the hospitality industry. Analysts felt that the fame and recognition associated with the winning of the Hermes award would place the Taj Group of hotels at the top of the list of the best hotels in the world. The group also received requests for setting up hotels in Paris (France), where the ‘Hermes award’ function took place. The HR practices at the Taj Group attracted several Human Resources and Organisational Behaviour experts world over. In late 2001, Thomas J Delong, a professor of Organisational Behaviour from Harvard Business School (HBS), visited India and interviewed various employees in the Taj Group. After his visit, the Taj Group was â€Å"envisioned as an example of organisational transformation wherein key dimensions of cultural change went into the making of global managers†. Analysts also felt that social responsibility and people-centric programs were the core values of the Taj Group, which were well demonstrated through the ‘Taj People Philosophy’. Martyris said, â€Å"The challenges here lay in retaining the warmth and relationship focus of the Ta and inculcating a system-driven approach to service†. Analysts felt that the Taj Group had been highly successful because of its ability to provide better opportunities and gave greater recognition to its employees, which motivated them to work to the best of their abilities. The Employee Retention Rate (ERR) of the Taj Group was the highest in the hospitality industry because of its employee-oriented initiatives. In spite of the highest ERR, Martyris felt that the retention of talent was Taj’s major challenge. He said, â€Å"Our staff is routinely poached by not just industry competitors but also banks, call centres and others. In 2002, in the placement process at the hotel management institute run by the Taj, more than half of those passing out were hired by non-hospitality companies. While we are happy to see the growth and opportunity for this sector, we also feel there is a need for introspection. Are we offering swift and smooth career paths to our employees? How am I to retain staffers from moving across industries? In late 2002, the Taj Group, to demonstrate its strong belief in employees, announced plans to make further investments in training, development, and career planning and employee welfare. The group also tried to standardise its various processes and develop a common work culture. After winning the Hermes Award in 2002, the group also planned to nominate the BSS for the Hermes Award 2003.

Canadas Defining Moments essays

Canada's Defining Moments essays In this essay, three of Canadas most defining moments will be defined. A compulsary military service, the election of a Prime Minister, and the turning point for Canada in World War I. These three events are considered to be the most defining moments in the past one hundred years of Canadas history. Outlined is the Conscription Crisis. Pierre Elliot Trudeau, and The Battle of Vimy Ridge. Although there are many events that have helped shape Canadian history, these three have stood out to be the most significant. In 1917, Canadian soldiers were being killed during World War I. The British Army at the time, was relying heavily on Canadian and Austrailian soldiers and the casualties were outnumbering the new enlistments. Prime Minister Borden realized they needed help desperately so he introduced the concept of conscription in 1917. Although it was strongly opposed by many, Borden would not back down. The Military Service Act was passed in August and all men between nineteen and fourty-five wouldhave to enlist. Conscription did not take effect immidiately so Borden did everything in his power to find out if the country supported conscription. Therefore he formed a Union Government and called for a federal election. In 1917, Borden' government passed the Wartime Elections Act which extended the federal vote to women for the first time. The vote only went to nurses at the front and to the wives, sisters and mothers of soldiers. They were of course, all in support of conscription. Con scription in WWI was a defining moment because, although it was strongly supported in Ontario, BC, and the Maritimes, Quebec was adamantly opposed and it divided the country sharply along cultural lines. The effects of conscription the riots the legislation caused in Montreal, and the deep cultural rift it left in its wake helped to define future English French relations in Canada. ...

5 Cases of Excessive Commas

5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas By Mark Nichol The rules about commas can seem so complicated and contradictory that writers can (almost) be forgiven for tossing in an extra one or two. Here are several examples of overly generous deployment of commas. 1. â€Å"If a killer asteroid was, indeed, incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† This thirty-word sentence is littered with six commas one for every five words five of them appearing before the halfway point. By simply bending the rule about bracketing interjections with commas a rule that advocates of open punctuation flout routinely anyway the number is reduced by two, rendering the sentence more free flowing: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† One more comma can be eliminated by relocating the parenthetical phrase â€Å"in theory† to an earlier position in the sentence, so that the comma after incoming does double duty: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, in theory, a spacecraft could be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† 2. â€Å"The metaphor, ‘The world is a machine,’ began to replace the metaphor, ‘The world is a living organism.’† In this sentence, the comma preceding each instance of metaphor implies that that metaphor is the only one not just in the sentence, but anywhere. (But two metaphors are expressed here, and innumerable others exist.) Metaphor, appearing in apposition to the two brief quotations, should not be set off from them: â€Å"The metaphor ‘The world is a machine’ began to replace the metaphor ‘The world is a living organism.’† 3. â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† Catchy and â€Å"public health† are not coordinate adjectives. The point is not that the message is catchy and public health; it’s that the public health message is catchy. Therefore, no comma is necessary: â€Å"The event is part of a catchy public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† If, by contrast, the sentence read, for example, â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, quirky message about the importance of emergency preparedness,† note that because catchy and quirky are parallel they are coordinate adjectives a comma should separate them. 4. â€Å"The report was completed in December, 2012.† A comma is necessary between a month and a year only if a date is specified (â€Å"The report was completed on December 1, 2012†): â€Å"The report was completed in December 2012.† (The same rule applies when the name of a season appears in place of the name of a month: â€Å"The report was completed in fall 2012.†) 5. â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way.† Commas are necessary with this type of apposition only if the epithet is preceded by an article (â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with a fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way†): â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist John Smith sketching the American landscape along the way.† Unfortunately, this type of error has gone viral its ubiquity is mistaken for propriety and is seemingly ineradicable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global Essay

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global economic power - Essay Example In order for the country to achieve such, it requires an appropriate management of its various economic sectors with the view of limiting the various economic threats that have threatened country’s economy in the past. The expansion of the various economic sectors will likely improve the country’s economic potential by increasing the employment rate of the economy thus facilitating an expansion of the economy (Boyes & Michael, 2012). The discussion below portrays some of the major economic features and an elaborate discussion of the current economic state of the country thus developing the growth potential the economy enjoys. Current economic characteristics of the country The Mexican economy has various vibrant sectors all of which sustain the country’s economy. All of the sectors present a potential for expansion thus promising the growth of the economy into a global economic power. Among the most vibrant sectors in the economy are tourism, communication and tr ansportation (Fox, 2002). Transportation sustains the economic growth in any country. With this knowledge, the successive Mexican governments have often invested in the development and expansion of the country’s transport system. The country has long road network that links nearly every part of the country. With an effective road network that joins every part of the country, the economy enjoys faster transportation of both goods and passengers throughout the different cities within the country. Besides the elaborate roads network, the country has a complementary rail network which also facilitates the faster transportation of goods. The development of the electric rail system has further improved the efficiency in the transportation sector, as goods currently take shorter to reach their destinations (Kates, 2007). The country also has various airports and airstrips all of which facilitate the faster transportation of products within the country. The capital city known as Mexi co City has two international airports, which act as the entry points into the country. Through the two facilities, the country maintains an active economic interaction with other countries globally as the two facilitate the transportation of goods in and out of the country (Aaker & Aaker, 2010). The effective and efficient transportation network has attracted hundreds of investors who enjoy the seamless transportation of both goods and humans to every part of the country. Another great factor that has attracted more multinationals into the country is the cheaper labor and electricity costs. The low cost of the two makes the country favorable for setting up companies. Various companies have therefore set up their manufacturing plants in the country (Tabbush, 2011). The fact that the country competes with the likes of China in labor and electricity costs makes it a favorable destination to most of the American multinational companies seeking cheap labor. This way, the country has con tinuously enjoy infrastructural development and an increasing employment opportunities as the companies provide ready employment. Tourism is the country’s main foreign exchange earner. With such a vibrant tourism industry, the country enjoys sustained influx of foreign currency and an equally large employment opportunity. The world tourism organization rated Mexico as the second most visited country in the world in 2001 coming second to the United States (Cavanagh, 2002). The country has

The Main Reason of Workforce Effective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Main Reason of Workforce Effective - Essay Example   Ã‚   Having four learners to train in the duration of two months, I am supposed to assist the learners in the attainment of the following objectives. By the end of the training period, learners should be able to maintain a well-organized schedule thus utilizing the lotus note. By the end of the training period, learners should be able to design meeting and travel arrangements By the end of the training period, learners should be able to handle confidential mail By the end of the training period, learners should be able to communicate effectively with fellow working staff and the clients of the organization. By the end of the training session, learners should be able to provide all Administrative support to the President            I will require them to work with various computer packages, for example, Access, Excel, Word, and PowerPoint among others to demonstrate their effectiveness.  By using Excel, Word, and PowerPoint design a travel and meeting arrangement plan to be used in an organization. Clearly, describe why you would use effective communication skills in directing callers in a busy business enterprise Explain the importance of properly handling the organization’s confidential information? What could be the outcomes of leaking the company’s confidential correspondence? Give a clear illustration on how to maintain proper schedules of a busy office bearer? Make use of the computer in answering your question. In order to pass my evaluation learners need to learn on how to make is of the computers in drawing schedules for a busy office, they need to learn good communication skills for use in the office The training resources /materials will include; Four computers to be used by the learners Textbooks on effective communication skills Prepared schedules to serve as demonstrations Questions and answer booklets to be used by the learners in their discussion work Case studies from various companies to be used in the training session. This will ensure a better understanding of the learners.

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad Essay

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad secular architecture and its decoration, with reference to spec - Essay Example Previous to the ascend of the Islam culture in the earliest ADS- 5th and 6th Centuries- the persons, according to Blair & Bloom (2009) who lived in the Arab peninsula, had a main responsibility in shaping the present day Islam art. The then inhabitants of the Arab peninsula are comprehensive of the Byzantine in the Northwest whilst the Sassanian Empire was situated in the North East (Blair & Bloom, 2009). This paper shall evaluate the surfacing of the Islam world in relation to the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires, via an examination of the then cultures, the adjustments and adoption of the same to the Islam world. The paper shall also attempt to give clear instances such as Qusayr Al-Hayr East, Khirbat Al Mafjar, and Qusayr Amra amongst others. 2.0. The Byzantine Empire This empire as seen in the thoughts compiled by Ekhtiar (2011) was born out of the Roman Empire, and had Constantinople as its midpoint. The empire comprised of the Balkans - Palestine, Syrians, Egyptians, and Asia mi nors- and had Christianity as its major faith (Blair & Bloom, 2009). Nevertheless, the empire was also open to a Jewish population and other Christian sects. In relation to art, the empire has strong Roman roots that saw the empire have a great influence from pagan classical inheritance (Blair & Bloom, 2009). ... The then emperor, Justinian reconstructed the city of Antioch at Syria by dividing it into streets, by constructing sewers, fountains, and water channels (Ekhtiar, 2011). At the same time, the emperor built baths, theaters and other buildings to a great city (Ekhtiar, 2011). However, with time the city faced frequent tests ranging from inadequate funds to develop the city, but one would argue that the broad avenues and ‘modern’ buildings replaced the classical monuments and the general lifestyle of the town life (Blair & Bloom, 2009). On the other hand, Ekhtiar (2011) indicates that the Sassanian Empire was also developing gradually to urban civilization. 3.0. The Sassanian Empire Founded in the 208-40 AD by Ardashir, the empire became Rome Byzantine’s empire major challenger (Irwin, 1997). The empire stretches to the Far East from the Indus and Oxis rivers, and had had numerous conflicts with the Byzantine at the time of Justinian rule (Irwin, 1997). In the compi lation of Irwin (1997), the empire is said to practice the Zoroaster faith, though the Manichaenism was gaining root in the territory as well which used paintings to explain its message as seen in the Islam art, by its founder Mani (Irwin, 1997). The Sassanian is said to have a huge relationship with the Byzantine architecture, an explanation of the type of drinking cups used by the Sassanian portray a huge percentage of Dionysian imagery (Irwin, 1997).The Sassanian also used the scrolling vine from the Byzantine art, and the same is replicated in the then Islamic culture. The Sassanians are also indicated to have their motifs as the peacock, the winged crown and the palm that were